The concept of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis has been around for almost three-quarters of a century, yet many authors give contradictory dates for the origin of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and different dates for the spread of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis in the automotive industry. This paper seeks to establish a timeline for the development of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis usage in the North American automotive industry. This paper uses a historical review. Literature was identified and reviewed to document the development of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis in the North American automotive industry using primary sources. The first standard for the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis was MIL-P-1629 in 1949. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis were used in the aerospace industry in the 1950s and the usage of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis at Ford Motor Company in 1972 and Toyota in 1975 has been confirmed. Automotive companies mandated use of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis in the 1980s and automotive industry-specific standards were released in the 1990s and revised over the years. This paper contributes a timeline of key Failure Modes and Effects Analysis related events that is supported by documented evidence.

Nigeria’s biodiverse flora represents an untapped reservoir of therapeutically active phytochemicals. Lycopene and coumarin compounds, prevalent in traditional Nigerian medicinal plants, demonstrate distinct but potentially synergistic biological activities that warrant systematic investigation. To conduct a comprehensive meta-analytical comparison of immunomodulatory and antioxidative properties of lycopene and coumarin derivatives extracted from Nigerian medicinal plants, elucidating their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. We performed systematic searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, AJOL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) for studies published between January 2000 and April 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed studies evaluating lycopene or coumarin compounds from Nigerian plant species with quantitative immunological or antioxidant outcomes. Meta-analyses employed random-effects models with heterogeneity assessment via I² statistics. Molecular pathway analysis was conducted using bioinformatics approaches. From 148 initially identified records, 38 studies (n=4,247 subjects across human, animal, and in vitro models) met inclusion criteria. Lycopene demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity with significant reductions in malondialdehyde (pooled mean difference [PMD]: -1.45 μmol/L, 95% CI: -2.10 to -0.82, p<0.001) and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity (PMD: +8.2 U/mL, 95% CI: 5.4 to 11.0, p<0.001) (3,4). Coumarin compounds exhibited stronger immunomodulatory effects, significantly reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (PMD: -12.3 pg/mL, 95% CI: -18.2 to -6.4, p<0.001) and elevating interleukin-10 (PMD: +2.4 pg/mL, 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.8, p=0.002) (5,6). Molecular pathway analysis revealed lycopene primarily activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses, while coumarin modulates NF-κB signaling cascades. Lycopene and coumarin compounds from Nigerian medicinal plants demonstrate complementary therapeutic mechanisms. Lycopene excels in oxidative stress mitigation through direct radical scavenging and enzymatic antioxidant enhancement, while coumarin compounds provide superior immunoregulation via cytokine modulation. These findings support the development of standardized phytotherapeutic formulations and highlight the potential for combination therapies in managing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders.

A total of 360 specimens of the daisy stingray (Fontitrygon margarita), ranging in disc width from 12.5 to 41.8 cm, were collected from February 2023 to July 2024 off the Lagos Coastal Waters, Nigeria, to examine their feeding ecology and dietary variation. The proportion of empty stomachs ranged between 23.33% and 28.57%, with an overall mean of 26.23%, suggesting consistent feeding activity throughout the study period. Stomach content analysis revealed that F. margarita is an opportunistic carnivore, preying mainly on benthic organisms. Crustaceans were the dominant food item across all size groups, accounting for the highest numerical (49.9%), volumetric (50.8%), and occurrence (33.8%) values, with an Index of Relative Importance (IRI) of 72.4%. Fish and annelids were secondary prey, contributing 20.1% and 20.6% numerically, with corresponding IRI values of 12.7% and 11.6%, while molluscs were least important (IRI = 3.3%). Ontogenetic dietary shifts were observed, with larger individuals consuming more fish, whereas smaller stingrays relied predominantly on crustaceans and annelids. The observed stability in feeding pattern indicates favourable environmental conditions and prey availability. These findings highlight the trophic adaptability of F. margarita and its ecological significance as a benthic predator within the Lagos coastal ecosystem, providing baseline information for effective management and conservation.

Sustainable aquaculture requires the exploration of alternative, eco-friendly feed sources that can reduce production costs and dependence on commercial feeds. Pirenella sp., a common brackish water snail often considered a pest in aquaculture ponds, has potential as a natural feed ingredient for carnivorous fish species such as the snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii). This study assessed the growth performance, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of snubnose pompano fed with Pirenella sp. as a dietary supplement. Nine hapa nets (5 × 5 × 1.5 m) were installed in a brackish water pond and assigned to three treatments with three replicates each: 100% commercial feed (T1), 50% commercial feed + 50% snails (T2), and 100% snails (T3). Results showed that Treatment I achieved the highest growth performance, while Treatment II exhibited comparable outcomes, indicating that partial replacement of commercial feeds with Pirenella sp. did not significantly affect growth. Treatment III, which used only snails, produced markedly lower growth metrics (p<0.05). Survival rate remained at 100% across all treatments (P > 0.05). The lowest FCR (0.34) was recorded in Treatment II, suggesting optimal feed utilization. Although Treatment III had lower growth performance, it was the most cost-efficient due to the natural availability of snails. Overall, the incorporation of Pirenella sp. as a supplemental feed demonstrates potential for enhancing sustainability and reducing feed costs in pompano aquaculture while contributing to the biological control of pest snails in brackish water ponds.

Monitoring reservoir occupancy rates is increasingly important under rising water demand and growing hydrological variability. This study evaluates temporal variability in occupancy rates of seven reservoirs (Atikhisar, Ayvacık, Bakacak, Gökçeada, Taşoluk, Tayfur, and Umurbey) in Çanakkale Province (Türkiye) over the period 2013–2023. Bray–Curtis similarity and hierarchical cluster analyses were applied to assess interannual and inter-reservoir patterns, while Mann Kendall trend analysis, Sen’s slope estimator, and Spearman’s rank correlation were also applied to evaluate temporal trends and precipitation occupancy relationships. The results revealed interannual variability, with occupancy rates ranging from 2.7% to 79.2%. Gökçeada, Atikhisar, and Umurbey exhibited relatively similar occupancy dynamics, whereas Bakacak and Taşoluk displayed more distinct patterns. Trend analysis indicated that no statistically significant trends were observed for most reservoirs (p > 0.05), whereas a statistically significant decreasing trend was detected only for Umurbey Reservoir (Z = -2.14, p = 0.033; Sen’s slope = -2.45). Correlation analysis did not indicate a statistically consistent relationship between annual precipitation and reservoir occupancy (p > 0.05), despite moderate correlation coefficients in some reservoirs. These results indicate that annual precipitation alone does not adequately explain interannual variations in reservoir occupancy. Overall, reservoir occupancy appears to reflect the combined influence of hydroclimatic variability and other unquantified factors rather than a single controlling variable. The results provide a quantitative and comparative assessment of reservoir occupancy dynamics and may serve as a reference for future water management and research efforts in the region.

The red cornetfish (Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803) is an invasive fish species commonly found along the eastern Mediterranean coast of Türkiye. This study examined the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (Fulton-K), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of F. petimba specimens by sex. Between 2021 and 2024, 306 individuals (♀: 224, ♂: 56, juvenile: 26) were collected as bycatch from commercial fishing vessels in Taşucu Bay, Mersin Province. The sex ratio was 1:0.3 (♀:♂). The length-weight relationship was W = 0.0002×L3.289 (r2 = 0.952) for all individuals, W = 0.0002×L3.222 (r2 = 0.949) for females, and W = 7E-05×L3.514 (r2 = 0.951) for males. Positive allometric growth was detected. Fulton-K condition factor values were 0.49±0.03 for all individuals, 0.50±0.03 for females, and 0.47±0.06 for males. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) values were 0.85±0.05 for all individuals, 0.94±0.06 for females, and 0.57±0.08 for males. The data from this study on the red cornetfish population in Taşucu Bay, Mersin Province, may contribute significantly to understanding the body dynamics of the species.

The growing demand for sustainable disease-control strategies in aquaculture has increased interest in plant-derived compounds with potential antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. This study investigated the LC-MS/MS-based phenolic profile and in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous methanolic flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extracts against selected fish pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were obtained using 40% methanol, concentrated, and prepared as aqueous stock solutions. The stock concentrations were 0.148 g mL-1 for flaxseed and 0.101 g mL-1 for safflower. The phenolic profiles of the final aqueous stock solutions were then determined by LC-MS/MS and expressed as µg L-1 (ppb). LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the flaxseed extract was mainly characterized by a tannic acid-rich profile, together with trans-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin trihydrate, cinnamic acid, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. In contrast, the safflower seed extract contained trans-ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin as the detected phenolic constituents. Antibacterial activity was tested by the broth microdilution method against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Pseudomonas putida, Yersinia ruckeri, and Vibrio anguillarum. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed for flaxseed extract against A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, with MIC values of 25 and 50 µg mL-1, respectively. Safflower seed extract showed its highest inhibitory activity against A. salmonicida, with an MIC value of 50 µg mL-1, while higher MIC values were recorded against A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri, and V. anguillarum. No inhibitory activity was detected against P. putida for either extract within the tested concentration range. These results indicate that aqueous methanolic flaxseed and safflower seed extracts, particularly flaxseed, have species-dependent antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. Although these findings suggest that the tested extracts may be considered as preliminary natural antibacterial candidates for aquaculture-related research, further studies are needed to evaluate their safety, stability, and in vivo applicability.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide due to its broad cultivation area, diverse uses, and economic importance. This study aimed to determine the shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, root length, root fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll b (chl b), total chlorophyll (chl a+b) amounts of wheat seedlings. The interactions of 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and different putrescine (PUT) doses (0.5 mM and 1 mM) were examined in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccum, Gacer, Triticum aestivum L., Konya-2002) seedlings. Under the drought stress effect caused by PEG, two wheat varieties were negatively affected and a decrease in shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll amounts was observed. In Gacer wheat, an increase in fresh root weight was observed under drought stress treated with PEG, while a decrease was observed in Konya-2002. Compared to the control, it was determined that the root length of Gacer wheat was less affected by the presence of PEG than that of Konya-2002. Compared to PEG, under the effect of PUT, increases were observed in shoot length, fresh weight, root length and fresh weight, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content in both wheat varieties. The applied 5% PEG-6000 created a drought stress effect in wheat and it was observed that PUT reduced this stress effect. When the parameters we used in our study are examined together, these findings suggest that Gacer wheat is more resilience to drought than Konya-2002.

Pandemics are always a source of serious concerns due to the devastating consequences to the communities and nations. Attempts to understand and predict the behavior of outbreaks are challenging as they are largely unpredictable. This research article presents an analysis of weekly COVID-19 cases data for selected Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) country Egypt from January 2020 to May 2024. The study identifies a robust and parsimonious seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model for forecasting future trends based on performing comprehensive screening and a comparative analysis of various models. The data reveals a progression of the pandemic in Egypt through multiple waves of varying intensity. Among the models tested, the SARIMA((3,1,0), (0,0,0)) model was identified as the most suitable, demonstrating a strong balance between model fit and parsimony. The model passed all key diagnostic checks, including the Ljung-Box test for residual autocorrelation, with a high p-value of 0.977 at lag 12. This model provides a statistically sound and reliable framework for understanding and predicting the dynamics of the pandemic in Egypt based on the provided dataset. The model’s strength lies in its simplicity and effectiveness, making it a powerful tool for policymakers. Second, the study demonstrates the applicability of the Box-Jenkins methodology to real-world epidemiological data, providing a practical example for similar future studies. The comprehensive screening and comparative analysis of multiple models ensure that the chosen model is not merely a good fit, but the best-fitting and most parsimonious option among the candidates. Finally, the analysis underscores the importance of accurate and consistent data reporting for effective pandemic management and modeling.